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Alston, Charles

Angelico, Beato

Arp, Jean (Hans)

Avercamp, Hendrik

Bannister, Edward

Bazille, Jean Frederic

Bearden, Romare

Bellows, George

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Benton, Thomas Hart

Bierstadt, Albert

Bingham, George Caleb

Boccioni, Umberto

Bonnard, Pierre

Botticelli, Allesandro

Boucher, Francois

Boudin, Eugene-Louis

Bouguereau, Adolphe William

Braque, Georges

Brauner, Victor

Bricher, Alfred Thompson

Bronzino, Agnolo

Brouwer, Adriaen

Brueghel the Elder, Pieter

Buffet, Bernard

Calder, Alexander

Carqueville, William

Chambers, Thomas

Chase, William Merritt

Constable, John

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Courbet, Gustave

Cranach (the Elder), Lucas

Currier and Ives

da Vinci, Leonardo

Daumier, Honore

David, Jacques-Louis

de Chirico, Giorgio

de Goya, Francisco Jose

de Hooch, Pieter

de Vlaminck, Maurice

Delacroix, Eugene

Delaroche, Paul

Demuth, Charles

di Bondone, Giotto

Doughty, Thomas

Duchamp, Marcel

Durer, Albrecht

Eilshemius, Louis

Evergood, Philip

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Feininger, Lyonel

Foujita, Tsuguharu

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Johnson, William

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Turner, Joseph Mallord William

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van Gogh, Vincent

van Huysum, Jan

van Rijin, Rembrant

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Yokoyama, Taikan

Giotto di Bondone

Birth Year : 1267
Death Year : 1337
Country : Italy

Giotto di Bondone, the father of modern painting and one of the greatest figures in the history of Western art, was born in a small hamlet in the valley of the Mugello, twenty miles north of Florence. We know very little about him and his exact birthplace has been disputed. He was almost certainly, apprenticed to Cimabue and was in Florence by about 1280. According to legend Cimabue discovered the boy's genius accidentally on a road where he saw Giotto drawing with a sharp stone on a flat rock. By 1312 Giotto belonged to the Florentine Guild of doctors and apothecaries to which painters belonged. Between 1329 and 1332, he worked for the King of Naples and in 1334 he was appointed chief architect for the Cathedral of Florence, which he helped design and for which he created several statues. We know that he worked at various times in Rome, Milan, Padua, Assisi, Ravenna, Rimini, and other cities in Italy and in France. He died in Florence in January, 1337 and was buried in the cathedral with great civic honors and at the expense of the city.

Giotto signed his name to only three of his paintings. His most famous attributed works are the Arena Chapel frescoes (1305-10) in Padua, the Bardi and Peruzzi Chapel frescoes in Santa Croce in Florence, and the magnificent Ognissanti Madonna for the Church of All Saints. The twenty-eight frescoes based on the life of St. Francis and located in the Upper Church of the Franciscans in Assisi are accepted as Giotto's by some art historians and denied him by others. The controversy, which has now raged for a century and a half, fills volumes and has yet to be resolved.

Giotto was concerned with the problem of presenting human figures and their actions realistically on a flat surface that was to represent three-dimensional space. Before Giotto, artists had followed the flat forms of the Byzantine tradition, imitated each other, and disregarded what they saw around them. Giotto studied both nature and the human body which he saw as invested with great dignity, deep emotions, and humanity, and he placed his human figures in free, albeit shallow, space. It is to the credit of his contemporaries, artists and laymen alike, that his genius was recognized and accepted immediately. The old forms of art gradually vanished, first from Florence and then from other Italian art centers, to be replaced by new art forms from which there could be no turning back. Giotto's immediate successors were his pupils, Taddeo and Bernardo Daddi. It was not until seventy-five years later that Masaccio took the next step forward, experimenting with scientific perspective that permits infinite spatial representation on the flat plane. Giotto's form, content, and freedom of expression had a profound influence on the subsequent development of European painting.

Giotto di Bondone
Madonna and Child

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